Archibald Velicrates
- Apr 6, 2020
- 7 min read

Were Jupiter and Saturn dwarf stars?

If just emission of radiation is takeing into acccount, the solar system would have 4 stars since Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune release thrice the radiation they get from the Sun (2).

"Smaller than stars, but bigger than giant planets, brown dwarfs are too small and low-mass to sustain the hydrogen fusion process that fuels stars like the Sun and allows them to remain hot and bright for a long time. Instead, after a period of early contraction, brown dwarfs simply cool off over their long lifetimes."

"This means that the temperatures of brown dwarfs can range from as hot as stars to as cool as planets, depending on how old they are" (3) (4). Some are colder than Jupiter (5), nevertheless labelled as Y-dwarfs; and others are called planets despite being hotter than most stars (6). They are usually featured by the following facts:

Less massive than the Sun but between 13-70 Jupiter masses.
Atmospheric bands and waves had been observed in brown dwarfs. (7)
The distribution and motions of the clouds on brown dwarfs in this study are more similar to those seen on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. (7)
"The atmospheric winds of brown dwarfs seem to be like Jupiter's regular pattern of belts and zones and not the chaotic atmospheric boiling seen on the sun and many other stars". (7) They have storms.
Mostly made of hydrogen and helium, but they are often found apart from any planetary systems (7).

Brown Dwarf Atmospheres As The Potentially Most Detectable And Abundant Sites For Life (8). Moreover, water has been detected in its absorption spectrum, that could even be sustained in liquid form (9). So they are considered habitable by human-like forms of life (10).

Nuclear Fusion

If the key point to distinguish stars from planets is nuclear fusion, it is a must to realise that Core Nuclear Fusion is just a Model (a theory), which arose in a time of nuclear research proliferation during the in-between wars period. Stars up to 1.3 solar masses produce their energy from Proton-Proton reactions where H atoms are fused to get He (11). Only 1.5% of their luminosity comes from CNO (Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen) reactions, which are catalytic and far more efficient (11).

P-P reactions need temperatures starting at 2 Million degrees.

Sun's core temperatures are Estimated (calculated) from mass (again, calculated through dynamics) and its supposed composition, allegedly know from spectroscopy from the surface.

"Combination of these two methods allow the estimation of core temperature Assuming Hydro-static Equilibirum, that is, outward thermal pressure is due to fusion of Hydrogen into Helium balanced to inward tug of gravity)". (12)

So sun's core temperature relies on the Assumption that P-P fusion exists in the core!

However, it's been theorised that Sun's corona can trigger nuclear fusion P-P reactions just in 2 Million degrees (13). An expert from Oxford said about the spectrum absorption lines: "This only tell you what the composition is at the surface, it doesn't tell you anything about the composition at the centre of the Sun" (19).

Neutrino Oscillations

The core nuclear fusion hypothesis was considered a Model until Super-Kamiokande (1994-98) and other neutrino detectors were built underground to try to detect the alleged production of such reactions.

"We know NO other method to explain neutrinos" said physicist Philipp Podsiadlowski (19).

This neutrinos is what allows scientists to design the internal structure of the Sun, its alleged composition and its temperature as we have seen. Neutrinos have also been observed in dissipative photospheric processes (14); it was known for decades that neutrinos were emitted in solar photosphere but now they have also been measured up in the corona (15). Neutrino flux increases coincide with major solar flares (18); and scientists establish that neutrinos are being produced by processes above the photosphere and probably within 2-4 solar radii. Previous to KamioKande and Sudsbury experiments it have been proposed that neutrino flux would be related to the solar cycle and energetic protons accelerated in sun's magnetic fields (solar wind) (21).

“As neither the change of flavor, nor the terrestrial variation, nor spectral distortion of the flow of solar neutrinos have been observed yet, the problem of solar neutrinos does not provide conclusive evidence of the properties of neutrinos beyond the standard electroweak model” (30).

A short digression here. Some sources state that neutrinos take 8 min to reach Earth, which cannot be. Scientist assume a typical distance between collisions, and also have to figure out how many steps the photon has to take to travel from the core to the surface. This is called the Random Walk Problem. After a sequence of N random steps, the distance a photon travels from the starting. When this random walk process is applied to the interior of the sun, and an accurate model of the solar interior is used, most answers for the age of sunlight come out to be between 10,000 and 170,000 years. Rarely do you get answers greater than a million years unless you have made a serious error! (20).

Some stars have been said to be driven by electrical processes (16), and solar flares to be caused by electrical Double Layers (17). Nuclear reactions happen everyday in the EArth's atmosphere because of lightning (22). Finally, M. Mozina showed how CNO reactions occur in electrical discharges in solar flares (24).

In summary, neutrino oscillations are not observed but "a deficit in the ratio of the flux of muon to electron neutrinos" (35). Flavors change during their space trip. They look like they change their energy/mass.

Quantum Tunneling

The fusion temperature obtained by setting the average thermal energy equal to the Coulomb Barrier (energy needed to overcome electromagnetic repulsion of like charges) gives too high a temperature (10¹⁰ Kelvin). In order to fusion be possible, physicists acknowledge a high energy tail to the statistical Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. But this alone isn't enough. The critical ignition temperature is lowered further by the fact that some particles which have energies below the coulomb barrier can tunnel through the barrier.

To understand the Quantum Tunnel we have to understand that a particle does not have a defined position until that is not observed. The probability of observing a particle at a specific site is given by the square of the amplitude of the wave function.

If a particle faces a barrier with an energy greater than its own, the probability wave of that particle bounces or is reflected in the barrier. The longer the barrier, the smaller the amplitude of the wave function (it never reeaches zero). If the barrier is shorter, the wave can exit through the other part nd once the barrier is crossed the amplitude does not decay anymore.

Thus a part of the wave function crosses the limits of the barrier and another part is reflected in those same limits. This translates into a certain probability that the wave will cross the barrier and another that it will not. (If enough particles are thrown some of them will pass.)

Other Fusion Theory Anomalies

Here is a list of other anoalies not faithfully explained by Fusion Model:

Solar wind acceleration (faster as wind is further from the Sun) (25).
Coronal temperature (increase from 5.000 K on the surface to 1-10 Million K) and chromosphere temperature profile (26).
Coronal holes and loops ('breaking' of magnetic lines through magnetic reconnection) and fast winds (27).
Missing neutrinos (1/3 of calculated total). Number is still low (28). At teh same time, the neutriono mass, breaks the Standard Model of particles making necessary SUSY particles (not yet found).
Solar Abudance Problem (Models of Stellar evolution disagree with 3D Helioseismology. He and other metallic elements relative abundance in the photosphere) (29).
Weak Solar Convection (31).
Differential rotation of the solar photosphere according to its latitude (32).
Solar wind disappearance cannot explained in a stable fusion model, same for solar magnetic Schwabe cycle of 11-22 years (33).
Sunspots (and solar flares triggered by explosions above whose reason is unknown) (46).

Dwarfs

Biggest Brown Dwarfs are regarded to have an internal source of energy (initially generated by gravitational contraction) capable of starting and sustaining fusion of Deuterium and Hydrogen into Helium. Just at 1 Million Kelvin these reactions can happen at a stable rate (34).

Ultarcool dwarfs emitting in the infrared have temperatures of -48 centigrades degrees (36), and other brown dwarfs release X-rays (37). It has even beeen argued that young massive planets may disgorge X-rays (39). How is it possible that a low-mass brown dwarf emanates a half light year plasma jet (Herbig-Haro object HH 1165), whose clumps of matter have a mass variable in time (maybe mass is variable) (38). These events cannot even be explained by Deuterium fusion mechanisms.

Scientists then appeal to a process where the cooling of dwarfs produces X-rays through collisional ionized plasmas (40) (well, that's an electromagnetic mechanism). Beyond these remarks, brown dwarfs are supported by degeneracy pressure (41), the same process that allegedly holds white dwarfs for not being overcome by gravity, notwithstanding that gravity remains a mystery (does not work) at sub-micrometer scale (42). [Electron degeneracy pressure is a sort of quantum effect, based on Pauli's Exclision Principle that disallows two identical half-integer spin particles like electrons and all other fermions from simultaneously occupying the same quantum state. The result is an emergent pressure against compression of matter].

The smallest 'star' discovered so far is a 67 Jupiter masses (43); lower than than they are regarded as brown dwarfs ('failed stars').

Conclusions

Of course, a falsified Nuclear Core Model does not prove that Jupiter or Saturn behaved as stars. It only means that it can not be used as an argument to define what a star is. Therefore, if a Sun might be driven by external electric (Birkeland) currents, orbs outside of such a positive electrical environment determined by the solar wind (a heliosphere), might also be fed by a galactic current circuit, and its surrounding magnetospheric plasma would shine brightly in glow mode.

There is no clear difference between planet, dwarf and star (apart from the Nuclear Fusion mechanism already discussed). Recently, debate has been reopened (45). The only proof supplied for the mechanism is the neutrino production, which we have seen is very weak and could be triggered in Sun's photosphere or corona. Moreover, nuclear reactions rely on a theoretical quantum effect called 'Tunneling'.

Given that dwarf stars are the most suitable place for life to arise and water is a proven element of its environment, it's highly probable that Earth could have been grown under one of such stars.

Refs:

(1) https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=astral

(2) http://lasp.colorado.edu/outerplanets/giantplanets_interiors.php

https://www.science20.com/news_articles/why_does_saturn_radiate_twice_energy_it_absorbs_sun

https://sciencing.com/planet-radiates-energy-space-21764.html

(3) https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/nearby_brown_dwarf_appears_to_be_a_free_floating_planet

(4) https://phys.org/news/2017-05-brown-dwarf-planetary-mass.html

(5) https://www.astrobio.net/also-in-news/citizen-scientists-uncover-cold-new-world-near-sun/

https://phys.org/news/2017-06-citizen-scientists-uncover-cold-world.html

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/aa7200

(6) https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40171936

(7) https://phys.org/news/2017-08-scientists-brown-dwarf-weather.html