ABSTRACT
Detailed experimental evidence in-situ about scholar investigation in islands of northern and southern hemispheres is given. These contradict the accepted view about a whole glaciation during the period known as Pleistocene.
Short historic review
We must go back in time and recognise a great man whose contribution has been forgotten. It was a Danish named Frederik Alexander Gottlieb Klee. He published an amazing book, Le Déluge, in 1847, where he stated that the last ice age was terminated by a "displacement of the axis of the globe". The science has come a long way over the years, and has vindicated Klee, providing solid evidence to support their claims. Despite this, it is still ignored. But logic and reason are timeless, and cannot be ignored indefinitely.
The knowledge of the 'wandering poles' is still fragmented but the theoretical core is empirical and very solid. A few decades after Gottlieb, the geologist and president of the Royal Society of London Sir John Evans, who has also been smeared, wrote the first scientific papers about the evidence in this regard. He discussed the possible geological cause of a change in Earth rotation axis of rotation. He already argued about 'climate change' as a consequence of pole displacement. He cites the ideas of Lubbock and Laplace about a change in the tilt of the rotation axis, and disputes over whether or not the Earth had a solid or fluid surface (like Charles Lyell), debating the differences it would have if the planet was a perfect sphere or a spheroid. In the first case the crust could adopt any position without its structure being affected; in the second the movement of a spheroid cortex over a spheroid nucleus would also look affected by its curvature affecting to a greater or lesser extent its structure. This was intended to explain temperature changes, signs of glaciers in the tropics or signs of tropical vegetation in the Arctic.
There are theories and even mathematical models with which it has been calculated that the axis of earth rotation is currently moving!! due to climatic change that causes an accelerated thawing.
Seven years before publishing his famous book on ancient maps, Charles Hapgood published his, no less controversial and famous, book 'Earth Shifting Crust' where he argued that the Antarctic continent was not at the geographical south pole recently. For this he argued three possible mechanisms as causes of such event.
The first of these is the change earth's axis tilt; the second that the continents are not permanently fixed to the floor of the Earth but 'float' in semi-fluid crystalline rock on which they move gradually; and the third that the earth's crust as a whole could move over the fluid interior all at once.
In 1958 Wegener's theory on continental drift was not yet accepted and Hapgood's theory was viewed with suspicion. He blamed as a possible driving force, the elliptical movement of the planet's orbit around the Sun, which would cause a horizontal centrifugal force on the crust that would move it toward the equator. Is like the egg that spins on its tip, if boiled the egg behaves like a rigid body and can be stabilized, not being boiled it ends up falling on its sides which are more stable. At the end of the 60's the scientists recover the theory 'Continental Drift' of the weary Wegener turning it into dogma and excluding the theory of Hapgood. But aren't they compatible theories? Don't tectonic plates move 'floating' on a fluid rock substrate?
Applying the Hapgood and Campbell hypothesis to the last ice age in North America, they found that in the maximum of the glacial period the accumulation of Ice was enough to start a crust shift. The effect would be that of stretch North America to the equator, a movement that would continue until the Hudson Bay or the province of Quebec, which were in the centre of the icesheet, and that according to the theory had been at the North Pole, had reached their current latitude. At this point, the ice sheet would reduce sufficiently by melting to stop the migration. The crust would have been displaced 2,000 miles along the 90 or 70 degrees West meridian.
GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Alleged ice layer that covered Scandinavia during Pleistocene seems not having been so important as trees have been found together with pollen. It has also been found mammoths in Poland and Northern Europe.
A famous study by G. Balco from Berkeley University postulates an awesome glacial layer in the Indian Ocean around Heard and McDonald islands (a type IV in a maximum of V) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) There is more. A summary of polar research in every single island of Southern Hemisphere (latitude superior to 45 degrees) allows us to draw a map of zones that may have been covered with ice or affected by glacial phenomena along the end of the Pleistocene.
Studies about Kerguelen Islands (48 degrees South 68 degrees East) show they look like having been buried by glaciers in LGM. In Mcquarie Island (New Zealand 54 S 158 E) there are glacial erosion features, moraines, glacial valleys and cirques [though it has issues as some scholars regard them of tectonic origin and non-glacial erosion]. In Auckland (New Zealand 50 S) there are glacial ice dome remains. In Campbell island (52S 156E), terrestrial evidence (Type V) of ice, moraines, U shaped valleys in a radial setup from the volcanoes, as well as glacial cirques and till. However, a lot of glacial structures lack rigorous dating o are covered with peat. There are endemic species, perhaps previous to LGM.
Crossing to Antarctic continent we have diatoms in the so-called Sirius formation, in Trans-Antarctic Mountains(sedimentary formation, allegedly from the Neogene -5 million years ago-). So if there was sedimentation, water was not frozen there. There is an arduous debate about the origin of such formation. The Sirius group is found all along the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, at high and low elevations, as far south as 86 S. The rocks that concern us are diamictites (a poorly classified sediment with a wide range of shapes and stone sizes). Geologists have conducted detailed studies of these diamictites, and everyone agrees that they were deposited by glaciers as "till" (extremely heterogeneous glacial drag sediments), in much warmer conditions than today. Most remarkable of these is that they are associated with vegetation mats, especially a form of southern beech bush, which is now found in New Zealand, Patagonia and Tasmania.
Controversy centres on the age of the deposits and their importance in terms of stability of the ice sheet of Eastern Antarctica. Two main hypotheses have emerged:
Stabilizer geologists say that the rocks are at least 15 million years old and indicate that the East Antarctic Ice Sheet has remained cold and stable throughout this period. The main proponents of this view, G. Denton, D. Marchant and D. Sugden, have presented a large amount of evidence based on geomorphological mapping and dating on various land surfaces.
Dynamic geologists think that the rocks are much younger, barely 3 million years old, and belong to the Pliocene Epoch, when the Earth reached ‘a level of heat unmatched since then’. This vision, presented strongly by P. Webb and D. Harwood in the 1980s, is based on sediment dating using diatoms (tiny marinemicroorganisms). The following implications of your data are serious; that the Ice Cap of Eastern Antarctica was greatly reduced at the time of the Pliocene and caused a massive increase in sea level, among others.
After years of debate, some scientists attacked the opposite point of view unprofessionally (although, to be fair, not the main protagonists), orthodoxy has opted for a stable ice sheet, in the absence of new paleontological data. However, recent offshore drilling investigations have shown that the West Antarctic ice sheet was at least subject to rapid fluctuations in the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, and that the fjords now filled with ice in the Deep South, may have become glacier free. The Sirius group is likely to represent various sedimentation cycles, distributed over a long time. Another important controversy is in the Prince Charles Mountains, a remote mountain range discovered in 1948, where Russian and Australian geologists have found glacial sediments along the margins of an important crevasse, the Lambert depression, and which were elevated from the sea level up to 1400 meters. These sediments are known as the Pagodroma Group. The oldest strata had been raised, showing signs of periglacial activity (seasonal) and their ages ranged from the Oligocene to the Miocene and even the Pliocene. Well-preserved marine diatoms provide incontrovertible evidence of age, and sediments suggest strongly fluctuating glaciers in the fjords, similar to the current conditions in Greenland.
Evidence is preserved in the steep spurs of loose rocks in vertical cliffs of basal rocks. The mountains of Prince Charles provide a long history of glaciation between successive elevation events and demonstrate that this part of the East Antarctic ice sheet was dynamic, at least before the Pliocene. The Sirius and Pagodrome groups provide windows in the past, when the ice sheets were less stable. On the other hand, there are corals under the Antarctic Sea.
Remains of beech and tropical trees have also been discovered in Antarctica, supposedly 3-5 million years ago (fitting with the Sirius formation). The few studies that are carried out on the continent ‘protected’ by Americans, Russians and English, indicate deciduous and evergreen forests. Although they tend to be in the transition from the Permian to the Mesozoic, simply by the hypothesis that the super-continent Pangea was still united (Gondwana and Laurasia), it is incredible that both types of trees could grow in the tropics and fossilise at the same time. It is known that in the humid and warm zones the evergreen forests predominate, and not deciduous. If these trees were grown in the tropics, then we face the problem of not having enough light to thrive during winter being located in the south polar circle.
Changing hemisphere, there are diatoms in Southern Sweden, of the Late Pleistocene. There was also pollen (> 40,000 BC). In the northern current polar circle, organic sediments covered by till were found. In Norre Lingby (Denmark) more pollen. 23 fossilised giant deer were discovered in Scandinavian lake deposits. Further south of Europe were found ¡400 specimens of mammoth! in Hungary, in a basin called Panonian. Woolly mammoths, woolly rhinos and cave lions have been found in many places, from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia on Wrangle Island, bordering Alaska. Of course, also in America.
Let’s do a digression here to clarify that the woolly mammoth was a tropical animal, or at least inhabited temperate zones (middle latitudes).
"The long hair on mammoth's legs hung from his feet. If he walked on snow, the snow and ice would have hardened on his furry ankles. Each step in and out of the snow would have thrown or worn the ankle hair. All ungulated animals that live in the Arctic, including muskox, have hair all over their bodies". Biologist H. Neuville studied mammoth remains thoroughly, and concluded that the mammoth's skin structure is similar to that of the current elephant (hair included). The fact that it had fat does not imply cold conditions: rhinoceros and hippo living in Africa have it, while reindeer and caribou have little and live in the Arctic. The same comparison can be done with sheep, which are sheared. Fat, on the other hand, ¡implies abundant food! (temperate zone).
The heat needed to melt snow or ice would consume half the calories of an elephant. In addition, newborns are susceptible to pneumonia.
If a modern elephant, about 8 tons (record is 12 tons in an African elephant), needs an area with abundant vegetation and walk almost two hundred km spending 18 hours a day eating, how much time should its cousin, the mammoth dedicate, if it was between 12-15 tons? Moreover it must do it on ice (permafrost)?
In any case, the Orthodox grab to a burning nail with the possible and controversial existence of sebaceous glands that would grant them certain chances of survival in cold areas. Occasionally, parrots have been found in Siberia. Logically, I don’t think that it’s a matter of looking for sebaceous glands in the parrot, but they will try to date it in another age or any ad-hoc explanation. At the same time, there are human remains in the polar circle during glaciation, as well as hunters on Zhokhov Island, at 76 N, with dog bones; human remains in Siberia, some of the Chalcolithic, others of species similar to the 'Man of Flores' of Indonesia; and also ceramic remains in Siberia, which, as expected, was tried to be located in the Neolithic. Permafrost records from eastern Siberia and Alaska show that during the LGM there were seasons. Wrangle Island, as we have seen, was without ice.
Crossing the paddle, we have a 14,000-year-old villa (settlement) on an island northwest of Victoria in the Canadian Arctic. Several plants and animals remains in north-eastern Greenland in the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. There were lichens on Ellef Rignes Island (Arctic Canada); and deglaciation of Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic, during the LGM (Glacial maximum). ¡The pole wouldn't be so frozen! The Strait of Nares (Greenland-Ellesmere Island) was free of ice at the end of the Pleistocene.
Not surprisingly Greenland (Greenland) was called the "Green Land" and I doubt that anyone invented that story to manipulate the population during the Middle Ages or earlier times. Greenland was free of ice for long periods during Pleistocene. Ellesmere Island, the northernmost of the entire Canadian archipelago, was a botanical refuge during LGM. To the west, Axel Heiberg Island too, of course, was free of ice in the Pleistocene. Just in that work of A. S. Dyke, a complete study is made of all the studies of the area of the Queen Elizabeth Islands and the Canadian archipelago, up to the date of 1999. Weather in Siberia during the Pleistocene was 4-5 degrees warmer than today, and tree species [Alnus fructicosa and Betula Alba] have been found, which today are only south of Russia, far from the 70 N parallel.
Hints on causes
Electrical events in the polar circle and around the geographical pole (the magnetic pole is usually tilted with respect to this, -currently 11 degrees-) are also an indication that something sudden happened in these locations. Marks and ring signals in the subsoil around Hudson Bay, the origin of Carolina Bays (oval craters or lunettes), the stratigraphy and dating of the lunettes (oval craters) on Lake Victoria (New South Wales –Australia-), and the extinctions of animals and homos in Lake Mungo and Menindee (New South Wales) complete the record of evidence on the non-location of the pole at the current coordinates, and confirm the existence of an area of influence, -polar circle-, in a location which, approximately, can be set around Hudson Bay and Newfoundland in the northern hemisphere (55 N 65 W), and the Indian Ocean area between southern South Australia and Victoria and the Heard and McDonald Islands (55 S 115 E).
To conclude, we must not forget the mystery of the hundreds of ancient maps that contain unexplained geological features for Orthodox history, if we do not take into account that there were civilizations that circumnavigated the globe and knew the coasts in detail. In addition, this should have been in an ancient period because islands that are under the sea and even submerged sub-continents (Zealandia or Sunda), mountains and rivers currently under glacier ice are shown, and coastal configurations that are exact to how they would be with a lower sea level between 150-300 meters to the current one. It is strongly recommended to read the book "Maps of the ancient sea kings" by Charles Hapgood.
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